Health effects of plants, light, and natural elements of biophilic interventions in confined settings: a systematic review

A systematic review of 124 studies published by researchers at the University of North Dakota and UC Davis examined how plants, natural light, and organic biophilic elements affect health and well-being in confined environments—including hospitals, eldercare facilities, isolation wards, and even space habitats.

The findings show strong evidence that biophilic interventions consistently reduce stress, improve mood, and support cognitive function in spaces where access to nature is limited. These benefits align with established frameworks such as Stress Reduction Theory (SRT) and Attention Restoration Theory (ART).

In healthcare settings, the presence of greenery is linked to lower anxiety, reduced pain perception, improved patient experience, and faster recovery. In extreme or isolated environments—such as polar research stations and space mission analogs—plant interaction helps combat cognitive fatigue, monotony, and psychological strain while enhancing team cohesion.

Notably, the review highlights the growing role of edible plant systems, which provide dual benefits: therapeutic exposure to nature and functional support through food production, oxygen generation, and air quality improvement. These systems have demonstrated value in both long-term care environments and bio-regenerative space habitats.

While challenges remain—such as infection control, space limitations, and operational constraints—the research points to modular, low-risk solutions including sealed plant systems, controlled lighting, and virtual nature exposure as effective, scalable strategies.

Key takeaway: Even in highly constrained environments, thoughtfully designed biophilic interventions can meaningfully enhance psychological resilience, health, and overall well-being—reinforcing the value of plants and nature-based design in the future of the built environment.

Photo Credit: Planterra, Hickory Hill Academy